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Metal forging is a foundational manufacturing process where metal is shaped by applying localized compressive forces, typically using a hammer or a press. This plastic deformation, often performed while the metal is hot (above its recrystallization temperature) but sometimes done cold, aligns the metal's grain flow to follow the general contour of the final part. This results in a continuous grain structure, unlike the interrupted grain of cast or machined parts, which significantly enhances the component's strength, toughness, and fatigue resistance. The process begins with a simple pre-form, like a billet or bar, which is then manipulated through a series of dies to achieve the desired shape, with excess material forming flash that is later trimmed away. Common forging methods include open-die forging (between flat or simple dies for large, simple shapes), closed-die (impression-die) forging (where metal flows into a confined die cavity for complex, precise shapes), and upset forging…